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LMNOPQRS EGMSY_gouAutoList11I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)Sa)DEFGHIJK EGMSY_gouAutoList10I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)Ka)<=>?@ABC CEKQW]emsAutoList9I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)Ca)456789:; CEKQW]emsAutoList7I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a);a),-./0123 CEKQW]emsAutoList8I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3a)$%&'()*+ CEKQW]emsAutoList1I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)+a) !"# CEKQW]emsAutoList2I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)#a) CEKQW]emsAutoList3I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)a)  CEKQW]emsAutoList4I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)a) GagmsyBullet ListBullets ListI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) a)3|x ( U$   dLexmark W820,,,,,,0!!t9  KQ77<3:i+00>U(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular(9 Z(Times New Roman   ` (2W$ U!   ` ` XpXXXASXXp  0  (#$  0    `   `  W$  ` ` XXXXXXX  2    _AdditionalproposedamendmentstoRule6(b)and(c)areonpage12.  W$  ` ` XXXXXXX  5    _IncorporatestechnicalrevisionofSupplementalRuleC(6)(a)thatwilltakeeffect `  onDecember1,2008,unlessCongresstakesactionotherwise.Therevisionhasno   effectontheproposaltoamendsubparagraph(A)toextendthetimetofilefrom10  L daysto14days.  `   R     W$  ` ` XXXXXXX  1    _Newmaterialisunderlined;mattertobeomittedislinedthrough.6Times New Roman Regular  W$  ` ` XXXXXXX  3    _AdditionalproposedamendmentstoRule6(a)areonpage_1._  `   W$  ` ` XXXXXXX  6    _ProposedamendmentsmodifyingthetimeperiodinRule15(a)(1)onpages1718 `  areincorporatedinandsupersededbytheseamendments,ifapprovedbythe   JudicialConference. b8% %dXXd8` ` ` `  I W$  ` ` XXXXXXX  4    _TheproposedamendmenttoRule15(a)(1),whichmodifiesthetimeperiod,is `  incorporatedwithotherchangestoRule15(a)(1)onpage53.     e         ` `  & W$  ` ` XXXXXXX  7    _IftheproposedamendmenttoRule15(a)(3)onpages1718changingthetime `  periodisapprovedbytheJudicialConference,thefollowingadditionalsentence   willbeaddedtotheCommitteeNote: AmendedRule15(a)(3)extendsfrom10to  L 14daystheperiodtorespondtoanamendedpleading. R    `   `   R   '  @` ` XXXX&%XX  _@K K FEDERALRULESOFCIVILPROCEDURE `          ` U!   _eXXXX x   jPl   `     h     xTo:0  0` (#(#  0` ` (#` (#HonorableLeeH.Rosenthal,Chair,StandingCommitteeonRulesofPractice 0  ЀandProcedureH ` (#` (# From:0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# ` HonorableMarkR.Kravitz,Chair,AdvisoryCommitteeonFederalRulesof  (# (#    ` CivilProcedure P Date:0  0` (#(#May9,2008(RevisedJune17,2008)0` (#` (# Re:0 ` ReportoftheCivilRulesAdvisoryCommittee p` (#` (# @$Introduction P   TheCivilRulesAdvisoryCommitteemetinHalfMoonBay,California,onApril7and8,  2008. X   ***** 8   SeveralCivilRulesamendmentswerepublishedforcommentinAugust2007,includingthe x CivilRulespartoftheTimeComputationProject.Thecommentswereusefulbutnotnumerous. @ Alloftheproposals,exceptforRule8(c),arerecommendedforadoptionwithafewmodest  X revisions.TheTimeComputationProjectproposalswillbeseparatedfromtheotherproposalsto   facilitatediscussioninconjunctionwiththeTimeComputationProjectproposalsforothersetsof ! rules. `"    PartsIandIIofthisReportpresenttheactionitems.PartI.ApresentstheTimeComputation #@" Projectproposalsforadoption.PartI.Bpresentsforadoptiontheotherproposalspublishedin $ # August2007,exceptforRule8(c). % $   ***** '`"& Z   IActionItems  (#( @JJA.TimeComputationProject 0*%* @;; (1) Template"CivilRule6(a) "CivilRule6(a)waschosenasthevehicleforthe +',  templateprovisionsthatareadoptedinasnearlyuniformtermsaspossiblebyeachofthedifferent ,'- setsofrulesthathavetimecomputationprovisions.TheCivilRulesCommitteerecommendsRule R-(. 6(a)foradoptionassetoutbelow. .j)/ P     ` ` ` e  8%%dd8W  ` ` EW    PROPOSEDAMENDMENTTOTHEFEDERAL `  RULESOFCIVILPROCEDURE #  1       (      XRule6.0  ComputingandExtendingTime;Timefor  X MotionPapers6 #  2       xx   =XXXdd=(a)0 \ ComputingTime. Thefollowingrulesapplyin  computinganytimeperiodspecifiedintheserulesorin D anylocalrule,courtorder,orstatute:4 \ x\ x   \ (1)0  DayoftheEventExcluded. Excludetheday ofthe d  act,event,ordefaultthatbeginsthe period.X xx   \ (2)0  ExclusionsfromBriefPeriods .Exclude     intermediateSaturdays,Sundays,andlegal  |  holidayswhentheperiodislessthan11days. xx   \ (3)0  LastDay. Includethelastdayoftheperiodunless < itisaSaturday,Sunday,legalholiday,or"ifthe 0 acttobedoneisfilingapaperincourt"adayon ` whichweatherorotherconditionsmaketheclerks P officeinaccessible.Whenthelastdayisexcluded,   theperiodrunsuntiltheendofthenextdaythatis p"  notaSaturday,Sunday,legalholiday,ordaywhen $" theclerksofficeisinaccessible.#%0$xxN #l 8%%d%%d8` ` ` `     \ (4)0  LegalHolidayDefined. Asusedintheserules,    legalholidaymeans:, xx   \   (A) 0  thedaysetasidebystatuteforobservingNew $ YearsDay,MartinLutherKingJr.s P Birthday,WashingtonsBirthday,Memorial H Day,IndependenceDay,LaborDay, p  ColumbusDay,VeteransDay,Thanksgiving h  Day,orChristmasDay;and xx   \   (B) 0  anyotherdaydeclaredaholidaybythe    President,Congress,orthestatewherethe  districtcourtislocated.Dxx  g =XXXdXXXd=  (a)0 \ ComputingTime. Thefollowingrulesapplyin < computinganytimeperiodspecifiedintheserules,in h anylocalruleorcourtorder,orinanystatutethatdoes ` notspecifyamethodofcomputingtime.!\ x\ x  \ (1)0  PeriodStatedinDaysoraLongerUnit. When # theperiodisstatedindaysoralongerunitoftime:$ xx  \   (A) 0  excludethedayoftheeventthattriggersthe <&"  period;'8$xx  \   (B) 0  counteveryday,includingintermediate    Saturdays,Sundays,andlegalholidays;and, xx  \   (C) 0  includethelastdayoftheperiod,butifthe $ lastdayisaSaturday,Sunday,orlegal P holiday,theperiodcontinuestorununtilthe H endofthenextdaythatisnotaSaturday, p  Sunday,orlegalholiday.h xx  \ (2)0  PeriodStatedinHours. Whentheperiodisstated   inhours:$ xx 0 \   (A) 0\ x\ xbegincountingimmediatelyonthe  occurrenceoftheeventthattriggersthe H period;@xx  \   (B) 0  counteveryhour,includinghoursduring h intermediateSaturdays,Sundays,andlegal d holidays;and!xx  \   (C) 0  iftheperiodwouldendonaSaturday, # Sunday,orlegalholiday,theperiodcontinues $  torununtilthesametimeonthenextdaythat @&"  isnotaSaturday,Sunday,orlegalholiday.'8$xx 0 \ (3) 0\ x\ x InaccessibilityoftheClerksOffice. Unlessthe    courtordersotherwise,iftheclerksofficeis ,  inaccessible:$xx  \   (A) 0  onthelastdayforfilingunderRule6(a)(1), L thenthetimeforfilingisextendedtothefirst H accessibledaythatisnotaSaturday,Sunday, p  orlegalholiday;orh xx  \   (B) 0  duringthelasthourforfilingunderRule   6(a)(2),thenthetimeforfilingisextendedto $  thesametimeonthefirstaccessibledaythat  isnotaSaturday,Sunday,orlegalholiday.Dxx  \ (4)0   LastDayDefined. Unlessadifferenttimeisset < byastatute,localrule,orcourtorder,thelastday h ends:`xx 0 \ 0\ x\ x (A) 0xxforelectronicfiling,atmidnightinthecourts ! timezone;and#xx 0 \ 0\ x\ x (B)0xx forfilingbyothermeans,whentheclerks $  officeisscheduledtoclose.@&"xx 0 \ (5) 0\ x\ x NextDayDefined. The nextdayis '8$ determinedbycontinuingtocountforwardwhen d)&  jW `  `    theperiodismeasuredafteraneventandbackward   whenmeasuredbeforeanevent.( xx  \ (6)0   LegalHolidayDefined. Legalholidaymeans: xx  \   (A) 0  thedaysetasidebystatuteforobservingNew L YearsDay,MartinLutherKingJr.s H Birthday,WashingtonsBirthday,Memorial p  Day,IndependenceDay,LaborDay, h  ColumbusDay,VeteransDay,Thanksgiving   Day,orChristmasDay;  xx  \   (B) 0  anydaydeclaredaholidaybythePresidentor  Congress;andDxx 0 \ 0\ x\ x (C) 0xxforperiodsthataremeasuredafteranevent, < anyotherdaydeclaredaholidaybythestate h wherethedistrictcourtislocated.`xx    @)*****  ! =XXXdXXXd= "    +"` @88# CommitteeNote #   ` +` ?+ ` hp x   ? Subdivision(a). Subdivision(a)hasbeenamendedto $  simplifyandclarifytheprovisionsthatdescribehowdeadlinesare r%! computed.Subdivision(a)governsthecomputationofanytime :&" periodfoundintheserules,inanylocalruleorcourtorder,orinany 'j# statutethatdoesnotspecifyamethodofcomputingtime.g In '2$ accordancewithRule83(a)(1),af  g Ԁlocalrulemaynotdirectthata (% deadlinebecomputedinamannerinconsistentwithsubdivision(a).f  g  Z)& E ` ` ` `     Thetimecomputationprovisionsofsubdivision(a)apply `  onlywhenatimeperiodmustbecomputed.Theydonotapplywhen (  afixedtimetoactisset.Theamendmentsthuscarryforwardthe  X approachtakeninViolettev.P.A.Days,Inc.,427F.3d1015,1016   (6thCir.2005)(holdingthatCivilRule6(a) doesnotapplyto  situationswherethecourthasestablishedaspecificcalendardayas H adeadline),andrejectthecontraryholdingofInreAmerican x HealthcareManagement,Inc.,900F.2d827,832(5thCir.1990) @ (holdingthatBankruptcyRule9006(a)governstreatmentof   date-certaindeadlinesetbycourtorder).If,forexample,thedatefor h  filingis nolaterthanNovember1,2007,subdivision(a)doesnot 0  govern.Butifafilingisrequiredtobemade within10daysor `   within72hours,subdivision(a)describeshowthatdeadlineis (  computed.    Subdivision(a)doesnotapplywhencomputingatimeperiod   setbyastatuteifthestatutespecifiesamethodofcomputingtime. H  See,e.g.,2U.S.C.394(specifyingmethodforcomputingtime  periodsprescribedbycertainstatutoryprovisionsrelatingtocontested p electionstotheHouseofRepresentatives). 8  Subdivision(a)(1). Newsubdivision(a)(1)addressesthe 0 computationoftimeperiodsthatarestatedindays.Italsoappliesto  timeperiodsthatarestatedinweeks,months,oryears.See,e.g., Z Rule60(c)(1).Subdivision(a)(1)(B)sdirectiveto counteveryday " isrelevantonlyiftheperiodisstatedindays(notweeks,monthsor R years).    UnderformerRule6(a),aperiodof11daysormorewas B" computeddifferentlythanaperiodoflessthan11days.Intermediate  #r Saturdays,Sundays,andlegalholidayswereincludedincomputing #: thelongerperiods,butexcludedincomputingtheshorterperiods. $  FormerRule6(a)thusmadecomputingdeadlinesunnecessarily b%! complicatedandledtocounterintuitiveresults.Forexample,a10 *&" dayperiodanda14dayperiodthatstartedonthesamedayusually &Z# endedonthesameday"andthe10dayperiodnotinfrequently '"$ endedlaterthanthe14dayperiod.SeeMiltimoreSales,Inc.v.Intl (% Rectifier,Inc.,412F.3d685,686(6thCir.2005). J)& Ї Undernewsubdivision(a)(1),alldeadlinesstatedindays(no   matterthelength)arecomputedinthesameway.Thedayofthe `  eventthattriggersthedeadlineisnotcounted.Allotherdays" (  includingintermediateSaturdays,Sundays,andlegalholidays"are  X counted,withonlyoneexception:IftheperiodendsonaSaturday,   Sunday,orlegalholiday,thenthedeadlinefallsonthenextdaythat  isnotaSaturday,Sunday,orlegalholiday.Anillustrationis H providedbelowinthediscussionofsubdivision(a)(5).Subdivision x (a)(3)addressesfilingdeadlinesthatexpireonadaywhentheclerks @ officeisinaccessible.    Wheresubdivision(a)formerlyreferredtothe act,event,or 0  defaultthattriggersthedeadline,newsubdivision(a)referssimply `  tothe eventthattriggersthedeadline;thischangeinterminology (  isadoptedforbrevityandsimplicity,andisnotintendedtochange   meaning. P   Periodspreviouslyexpressedaslessthan11dayswillbe H  shortenedasapracticalmatterbythedecisiontocountintermediate  Saturdays,Sundays,andlegalholidaysincomputingallperiods. p Manyofthoseperiodshavebeenlengthenedtocompensateforthe 8 change.See,e.g.,Rule14(a)(1). h  Mostofthe10-dayperiodswereadjustedtomeetthechange  incomputationmethodbysetting14daysasthenewperiod.A X 14-dayperiodcorrespondstothemostfrequentresultofa10-day   periodundertheformercomputationmethod"twoSaturdaysand P twoSundayswereexcluded,giving14daysinall.A14-dayperiod   hasanadditionaladvantage.Thefinaldayfallsonthesamedayof x! theweekastheeventthattriggeredtheperiod"the14thdayafter @" aMonday,forexample,isaMonday.Thisadvantageofusing #p week-longperiodsledtoadopting7-dayperiodstoreplacesomeof #8 theperiodssetatlessthan10days,and21-dayperiodstoreplace $  20-dayperiods.Thirty-dayandlongerperiods,however,were `%! generallyretainedwithoutchange. (&"  Subdivision(a)(2). Newsubdivision(a)(2)addressesthe ' $ computationoftimeperiodsthatarestatedinhours.Nosuch (% deadlinecurrentlyappearsintheFederalRulesofCivilProcedure. J)& Butsomestatutescontaindeadlinesstatedinhours,asdosomecourt   ordersissuedinexpeditedproceedings. `   Undersubdivision(a)(2),adeadlinestatedinhoursstartsto  X runimmediatelyontheoccurrenceoftheeventthattriggersthe   deadline.Thedeadlinegenerallyendswhenthetimeexpires.If,  however,theg timeperiodexpiresf  g Ԁataspecifictime(say,2:17p.m.)on H aSaturday,Sunday,orlegalholiday,thenthedeadlineisextendedto x thesametime(2:17p.m.)onthenextdaythatisnotaSaturday, @ Sunday,orlegalholiday.Periodsstatedinhoursarenottobe    roundeduptothenextwholehour.Subdivision(a)(3)addresses h  situationswhentheclerksofficeisinaccessibleduringthelasthour 0  beforeafilingdeadlineexpires. `   Subdivision(a)(2)(B)directsthateveryhourbecounted.   Thus,forexample,a72hourperiodthatcommencesat10:23a.m.on P  Friday,November2,2007,willrununtil9:23a.m.onMonday,   November5;thediscrepancyinstartandendtimesinthisexample H  resultsfromtheinterveningshiftfromdaylightsavingtimeto  standardtime. p  Subdivision(a)(3). Whendeterminingthelastdayofafiling h periodstatedindaysoralongerunitoftime,adayonwhichthe 2 clerksofficeisnotaccessiblebecauseoftheweatheroranother  reasonistreatedlikeaSaturday,Sunday,orlegalholiday.When Z determiningtheendofafilingperiodstatedinhours,iftheclerks " officeisinaccessibleduringthelasthourofthefilingperiod R computedundersubdivision(a)(2)thentheperiodisextendedtothe   sametimeonthenextdaythatisnotaweekend,holiday,ordaywhen z! theclerksofficeisinaccessible. B"  Subdivision(a)(3)sextensionsapply [u]nlessthecourt #: ordersotherwise.Insomecircumstances,thecourtmightnotwish $  aperiodofinaccessibilitytotriggerafull24hourextension;inthose b%! instances,thecourtcanspecifyabrieferextension. *&"  Thetextoftherulenolongerrefersto weatherorother '"$ conditionsasthereasonfortheinaccessibilityoftheclerksoffice. (% Thereferenceto weatherwasdeletedfromthetexttounderscore J)& thatinaccessibilitycanoccurforreasonsunrelatedtoweather,such   asanoutageoftheelectronicfilingsystem.Weathercanstillbea `  reasonforinaccessibilityoftheclerksoffice.Theruledoesnot (  attempttodefineinaccessibility.Rather,theconceptwillcontinueto  X developthroughcaselaw,see,e.g.,WilliamG.Phelps,WhenIsOffice   ofClerkofCourtInaccessibleDuetoWeatherorOtherConditions  forPurposeofComputingTimePeriodforFilingPapersunderRule H 6(a)ofFederalRulesofCivilProcedure,135A.L.R.Fed.259(1996) x (collectingcases).Inaddition,manylocalprovisionsaddress @ inaccessibilityforpurposesofelectronicfiling,see,e.g.,D.Kan.Rule   5.4.11( AFilingUserwhosefilingismadeuntimelyastheresultof h  atechnicalfailuremayseekappropriaterelieffromthecourt.). 0   Subdivision(a)(4). Newsubdivision(a)(4)definestheend (  ofthelastdayofaperiodforpurposesofsubdivision(a)(1).   Subdivision(a)(4)doesnotapplyincomputingperiodsstatedin R  hoursundersubdivision(a)(2),anddoesnotapplyifadifferenttime   issetbyastatute,localrule,ororderinthecase.f  g ԀAlocalrulemay, J  forexample,addresstheproblemsthatmightariseifasingledistrict  hasclerksofficesindifferenttimezones,orprovidethatpapersfiled r inadropboxafterthenormalhoursoftheclerksofficearefiledas : ofthedaythatisdatestampedonthepapersbyadeviceinthedrop j box. 2  28U.S.C.452providesthat [a]llcourtsoftheUnited Z Statesshallbedeemedalwaysopenforthepurposeoffilingproper " papers,issuingandreturningprocess,andmakingmotionsand R orders.AcorrespondingprovisionexistsinRule77(a).Some   courtshaveheldthattheseprovisionspermitanafterhoursfilingby z! handingthepaperstoanappropriateofficial.See,e.g.,Casalducv. B" Diaz,117F.2d915,917(1stCir.1941).Subdivision(a)(4)doesnot  #r addresstheeffectofthestatuteonthequestionofafterhoursfiling; #: instead,theruleisdesignedtodealwithfilingsintheordinarycourse $  withoutregardtoSection452. b%!  Subdivision(a)(5). Newsubdivision(a)(5)definesthe &Z#  nextdayforpurposesofsubdivisions(a)(1)(C)and(a)(2)(C).The '$$ FederalRulesofCivilProcedurecontainbothforwardlookingtime (% periodsandbackwardlookingtimeperiods.Aforwardlookingtime L)& periodrequiressomethingtobedonewithinaperiodoftimeafteran   event.See,e.g.,Rule59(b)(motionfornewtrial mustbefiledno `  laterthan28daysafterentryofthejudgment).Abackwardlooking (  timeperiodrequiressomethingtobedonewithinaperiodoftime  X beforeanevent.See,e.g.,Rule26(f)(partiesmustholdRule26(f)   conference assoonaspracticableandinanyeventatleast21days  beforeaschedulingconferenceisheldoraschedulingorderisdue H underRule16(b)).Indeterminingwhatisthe nextdayfor x purposesofsubdivisions(a)(1)(C)and(a)(2)(C),oneshouldcontinue @ countinginthesamedirection"thatis,forwardwhencomputinga   forwardlookingperiodandbackwardwhencomputingabackward h  lookingperiod.If,forexample,afilingisduewithin30daysafteran 0  event,andthethirtiethdayfallsonSaturday,September1,2007,then `  thefilingisdueonTuesday,September4,2007(Monday,September (  3,isLaborDay).Butifafilingisdue21daysbeforeanevent,and   thetwentyfirstdayfallsonSaturday,September1,thenthefilingis P  dueonFriday,August31.Iftheclerksofficeisinaccessibleon   August31,thensubdivision(a)(3)extendsthefilingdeadlineforward H  tothenextaccessibledaythatisnotaSaturday,Sunday,orlegal  holiday"nolaterthanTuesday,September4. p  Subdivision(a)(6). Newsubdivision(a)(6)defines legal h holidayforpurposesoftheFederalRulesofCivilProcedure, 2 includingthetimecomputationprovisionsofsubdivision(a).    Subdivision(a)(6)continuestoincludewithinthedefinitionof legal \ holidaydaysthataredeclaredaholidaybythePresidentor $ Congress.g f  g  T  Forforward-countedperiods"i.e.,periodsthataremeasured |! afteranevent"subdivisionf  g Ԁ(a)(6)(g Cf  g )includescertainstateholidays D" withinthedefinitionoflegalholidays.f  f  g ԀHowever,statelegalholidays  #t arenotrecognizedincomputingbackward-countedperiods.Forboth #< forwardandbackwardcountedperiods,therulethusprotectsthose $  whomaybeunsureoftheeffectofstateholidays.For d%! forward-counteddeadlines,treatingstateholidaysthesameasfederal ,&" holidaysextendsthedeadline.Thus,someonewhothoughtthatthe &\# federalcourtsmightbeclosedonastateholidaywouldbe '$$ safeguardedagainstaninadvertentlatefiling.Incontrast,for (% backward-counteddeadlines,notgivingstateholidaysthetreatment L)& offederalholidaysallowsfilingonthestateholidayitselfratherthan   thedaybefore.Take,forexample,Monday,April21,2008 `  (PatriotsDay,alegalholidayintherelevantstate).Ifafilingisdue (  14daysafteranevent,andthefourteenthdayisApril21,thenthe  X filingisdueonTuesday,April22becauseMonday,April21counts   asalegalholiday.Butifafilingisdue14daysbeforeanevent,and  thefourteenthdayisApril21,thefilingisdueonMonday,April21; H thefactthatApril21isastateholidaydoesnotmakeApril21alegal x holidayforpurposesofcomputingthisbackward-counteddeadline. @ Butnotethatiftheclerk'sofficeisinaccessibleonMonday,April21,   thensubdivision(a)(3)extendstheApril21filingdeadlineforward h  tothenextaccessibledaythatisnotaSaturday,Sundayorlegal 0  holiday"noearlierthanTuesday,April22.f  g XXXX  `   AW) xdE` A     ChangesMadeafterPublicationandComment  _  #XXXXep#pXXXX TheStandingCommitteechangedRule6(a)(6)toexclude W  stateholidaysfromthedefinitionof legalholidayforpurposesof  computingbackwardcountedperiods;conformingchangeswere  madetotheCommitteeNote.#XXXX{q#XXXX G  ` ` @ (2)CivilRulesTimeProvisions  ?  ManyCivilRulescontainingspecifictimeperiodsshorter g than11dayswerepublishedforcommentonamendmentsextending / thetimeperiodstoaccountfortheimpactofchangingtoa _ computationmethodthatincludeseveryday,abandoningtheformer  ' practiceofexcludingintermediateSaturdays,Sundays,andlegal ! holidays.Assetoutbelow,itisrecommendedthatallofthe O" proposalsbeadoptedaspublishedexceptforRules50,52,and59. # TheproposalstoextendthetimeformotionsunderRules50,52,and #G  59from10daysto30dayshavebeenscaledbacktoa28dayperiod. $! The28dayperiodwaschosenincoordinationwiththeAppellate o%" RulesCommitteetorecognizetheinconveniencesthatwouldarise 7&# fromadoptingthesame30dayperiodasthedeadlineforfiling &g$ noticesofappealinmostcivilactions. '/%  `  `  WC X\ hH,4p|xh XXW W)' Rule6.0  ComputingandExtendingTime;Timefor   MotionPapers #  3      `     =XXXdXXXd=*****  X #XXXXr#yXXXX(b) \ ExtendingTime.   @)=*****  x &y \ (2)  Exceptions. Acourtmustnotextendthetimetoact   0 \ 0\ \ 0underRules50(b)and(d),52(b),59(b),(d),and(e), 4  and60(b) ,exceptasthoserulesallow .,  iz (c) \ Motions,NoticesofHearing,andAffidavits. T  0 \  \ (1)0\ \ InGeneral. Awrittenmotionandnoticeofthe L  hearingmustbeservedatleast 5 14daysbeforethe x timespecifiedforthehearing,withthefollowing p exceptions:  0 \ 0\ \   (A)  h whenthemotionmaybeheardexparte;(  0 \ 0\ \   (B)  h whentheserulessetadifferenttime;or $  0 \ 0\ \   (C) 0hwhenacourtorder"whichapartymay,for P" goodcause,applyforexparte"setsa #L  differenttime.t%!hh W ` `    0 \ (2)0\ \ SupportingAffidavit. Anyaffidavitsupportinga    motionmustbeservedwiththemotion.Exceptas ,  Rule59(c)providesotherwise,anyopposing $ affidavitmustbeservedatleast 1 7daysbeforethe L hearing,unlessthecourtpermitsserviceatanother D time.l  @)=***** d  [ X X\ hH,4p|xh Xw[=`XXXdXXXd={#XXXXy#XXXX ` @]]# CommitteeNote T   0 , X0=`XXXdXXXd=  Thetimessetintheformerruleat1or5dayshavebeen L  revisedto7or14days.SeetheNotetoRule6.  A`XXXdXXXdZA4 X , *4#XXXXع#XXXX A ` ` X ` Rule12.0  DefensesandObjections:WhenandHow 4 Presented;MotionforJudgmentonthe  Pleadings;ConsolidatingMotions;Waiving \ Defenses;PretrialHearing$   ` ` =XXXdXXXd=(a) TimetoServeaResponsivePleading.    (1)0  InGeneral. Unlessanothertimeisspecifiedbythis D" ruleorafederalstatute,thetimeforservinga #@ responsivepleadingisasfollows:h%!  0 0   (A) 0hAdefendantmustserveananswer:&`#hh  0 0  0h(i) 0 hhwithin 20 21daysafterbeingservedwith    thesummonsandcomplaint;or,     0 0  0h(ii) 0 hhifithastimelywaivedserviceunderRule $ 4(d),within60daysaftertherequestfor P awaiverwassent,orwithin90daysafter H itwassenttothedefendantoutsideany p  judicialdistrictoftheUnitedStates.h     0 0  (B) 0hApartymustserveananswertoacounterclaim   orcrossclaimwithin 20 21daysafterbeing $  servedwiththepleadingthatstatesthe  counterclaimorcrossclaim.Dhh  0  (C) 0hApartymustserveareplytoananswerwithin <  20 21daysafterbeingservedwithanorderto h reply,unlesstheorderspecifiesadifferent ` time.!hh @)=***** #   (4)0  EffectofaMotion. Unlessthecourtsetsadifferent $  time,servingamotionunderthisrulealtersthese <&"  periodsasfollows:'4$  0 0  (A) 0hifthecourtdeniesthemotionorpostponesits    dispositionuntiltrial,theresponsivepleading ,  mustbeservedwithin 10 14daysafternotice $ ofthecourtsaction;orLhh  0  (B) 0hifthecourtgrantsamotionforamoredefinite D statement,theresponsivepleadingmustbe p  servedwithin 10 14daysafterthemore h  definitestatementisserved. hh @)=*****     (e)0 MotionforaMoreDefiniteStatement. Apartymay  moveforamoredefinitestatementofapleadingtowhich D aresponsivepleadingisallowedbutwhichissovagueor < ambiguousthatthepartycannotreasonablypreparea d response.Themotionmustbemadebeforefilinga \ responsivepleadingandmustpointoutthedefects ! complainedofandthedetailsdesired.Ifthecourtorders #| amoredefinitestatementandtheorderisnotobeyed $   within 10 14daysafternoticeoftheorderorwithinthe 4&" timethecourtsets,thecourtmaystrikethepleadingor ',$ issueanyotherappropriateorder.T)&    (f)0 MotiontoStrike. Thecourtmaystrikefromapleading   aninsufficientdefenseoranyredundant,immaterial, ,  impertinent,orscandalousmatter.Thecourtmayact:$    (1) 0  onitsown;orL  0 (2)0   onmotionmadebyapartyeitherbeforeresponding H tothepleadingor,ifaresponseisnotallowed, t  within 20 21daysafterbeingservedwiththe l  pleading.  @)=***** $  A`XXXdXXXddA` =XXXdXXXd=@]]# CommitteeNote   " ` `  F"*` , ` ` *  Thetimessetintheformerruleat10or20dayshavebeen D revisedto14or21days.SeetheNotetoRule6.  t A`XXXdXXXdA  ` Rule14.  Third-PartyPractice d * ` , *=XXXdXXXd=(a)0 WhenaDefendingPartyMayBringinaThirdParty.\   0 (1)0  TimingoftheSummonsandComplaint. A ! defendingpartymay,asthird-partyplaintiff,servea # summonsandcomplaintonanonpartywhoisor $  maybeliabletoitforallorpartoftheclaimagainst 8&" it.Butthethird-partyplaintiffmust,bymotion, '0$ obtainthecourtsleaveifitfilesthe_third-party X)& complaintmorethan 10 14daysafterservingits   originalanswer.(  .` ,  .@(=*****    =`XXXdXXXd=@$7 CommitteeNote H  ܙ< , ` , <=`XXXdXXXd=  Thetimesetintheformerruleat10dayshasbeenrevised @ to14days.SeetheNotetoRule6.   @` ,  , @A`XXXdXXXd*A  * X` , *Rule15.AmendedandSupplementalPleadings _ #  4      _ `  .` ,  X.*   ` , * =XXXdXXXd=(a) \ AmendmentsBeforeTrial.    0 \ (1)0\ \ AmendingasaMatterofCourse. Apartymay   amenditspleadingonceasamatterofcourse: 0 \ 0\ \  (A) 0beforebeingservedwitharesponsive < pleading;or8 0 \ 0\ \  (B) 0within 20 21daysafterservingthepleadingif ` aresponsivepleadingisnotallowedandthe \ actionisnotyetonthetrialcalendar.! 0 \ (2)0\ \ OtherAmendments. Inallothercases,apartymay #|  amenditspleadingonlywiththeopposingpartys $  _writtenconsentorthecourtsleave.Thecourt   shouldfreelygiveleavewhenjusticesorequires.(   0 \ (3)0\ \ TimetoRespond. Unlessthecourtorders   otherwise,anyrequiredresponsetoanamended L pleadingmustbemadewithinthetimeremainingto D respondtotheoriginalpleadingorwithin 10 14 l  daysafterserviceoftheamendedpleading, d  whicheverislater.  @(=*****   ٠` =`XXXdXXXd=@]]# CommitteeNote  t .` ,   .3` `  ` , 3   Thetimessetintheformerruleat10or20dayshavebeen l revisedto14or21days.SeetheNotetoRule6. 4   ***** \ #XXXXۄ#AXXXdXXXdgA7` , ` `  ;7 ` `   * X` , *=XXXdXXXd=WWWRule23.ClassActions T  .` ,  X.=XXXdXXXd=@(***** |! * ` , * (f)0 Appeals. Acourtofappealsmaypermitanappealfrom  #t anordergrantingordenyingclass-actioncertification $  underthisruleifapetitionforpermissiontoappealis 0&" filedwiththecircuitclerkwithin 10 14daysafterthe '($ orderisentered.Anappealdoesnotstayproceedingsin P)& thedistrictcourtunlessthedistrictjudgeorthecourtof   appealssoorders.(  x x @)*****    ` =XXXdXXXd=@88#@@88# CommitteeNote  x .` ,  .  Thetimesetintheformerruleat10dayshasbeenrevisedto   14days.SeetheNotetoRule6. h   ` * X` , *=XXXdXXXd= Rule27.DepositionstoPerpetuateTestimony    .` ,  X.*   ` , *=XXXdXXXd= (a)0 \ BeforeanActionIsFiled.  \ x\ x @)*****   0 \ (2)0\ x\ xNoticeandService. Atleast 20 21daysbeforethe 8 hearingdate,thepetitionermustserveeach 4 expectedadversepartywithacopyofthepetition \ andanoticestatingthetimeandplaceofthe T hearing.Thenoticemaybeservedeitherinsideor |! outsidethedistrictorstateinthemannerprovided  #t inRule4.Ifthatservicecannotbemadewith $  reasonablediligenceonanexpectedadverseparty, ,&" thecourtmayorderservicebypublicationor '$$ otherwise.Thecourtmustappointanattorneyto L)& representpersonsnotservedinthemanner   providedinRule4andtocross-examinethe (  deponentifanunservedpersonisnototherwise   represented.Ifanyexpectedadversepartyisa H minororisincompetent,Rule17(c)applies.@xx @)***** h  =`XXXdXXXd= @]]# CommitteeNote  (  .` ,   y.3` `  ` , 3 O   Thetimesetintheformerruleat20dayshasbeenrevisedto P  21days.SeetheNotetoRule6.   7` , ` `  7AXXXdXXXdA =`XXXdXXXd= * X` , *Rule32.UsingDepositionsinCourtProceedings  p .` ,  XR. *   ` , *=XXXdXXXd=(a) \ UsingDepositions. h @) *****   0 \ (5)0\ x\ xLimitationsonUse. xx 0 \ 0\ x\ x(A) 0xxDepositionTakenonShortNotice.A   depositionmustnotbeusedagainstaparty D" who,havingreceivedlessthan 11 14days #< noticeofthedeposition,promptlymovedfor d%! aprotectiveorderunderRule26(c)(1)(B) &\# requestingthatitnotbetakenorbetakenat (% adifferenttimeorplace"andthismotion   wasstillpendingwhenthedepositionwas (  taken. xx .` ,   .@(***** H *   ` , * (d)0 \ WaiverofObjections.@\ x\ x @( *****  h  0 \ (3)0\ x\ xTotheTakingoftheDeposition.` xx  @)*****   0 \ 0\ x\ x (C) 0xxObjectiontoaWrittenQuestion.An   objectiontotheformofawrittenquestion  underRule31iswaivedifnotservedin < writingonthepartysubmittingthequestion 4 withinthetimeforservingresponsive \ questionsor,ifthequestionisa T recross-question,within 5 7daysafterbeing |! servedwithit. #txx @)***** $   `  .` ,   . =XXXdXXXd= L)& W ` `    @88# CommitteeNote      Thetimessetintheformerruleatlessthan11daysand (  within5dayshavebeenrevisedto14daysand7days.SeetheNote  X toRule6.     ` Rule38.RighttoaJuryTrial;Demand x  =XXXdXXXd=@)*****   *   ` , * (b)0 \ Demand. Onanyissuetriableofrightbyajury,aparty 0  maydemandajurytrialby:, \ x\ x 0 \ (1) 0\ x\ xservingtheotherpartieswithawrittendemand" T  whichmaybeincludedinapleading"nolater P  than 10 14daysafterthelastpleadingdirectedto x theissueisserved;andpxx 0 \ (2) 0\ x\ xfilingthedemandinaccordancewithRule5(d).xx  (c)0 \ SpecifyingIssues. Initsdemand,apartymayspecify , theissuesthatitwishestohavetriedbyajury;  ( otherwise,itisconsideredtohavedemandedajurytrial P" onalltheissuessotriable.Ifthepartyhasdemandeda #H jurytrialononlysomeissues,anyotherpartymay" p%! within 10 14daysafterbeingservedwiththedemandor 'h# withinashortertimeorderedbythecourt"servea (% W ` `    demandforajurytrialonanyotherorallfactualissues   triablebyjury.( \ x\ x @)*****   ` =XXXdXXXd=@88# CommitteeNote  x .` ,   .  Thetimessetintheformerruleat10dayshavebeenrevised   to14days.SeetheNotetoRule6. h   ` / * X` , *.` ,  X.* ` , *Rule50.0  JudgmentasaMatterofLawinaJuryTrial; (  RelatedMotionforaNewTrial;Conditional   Ruling P xx ,z,XX#XX,,z#=XXXdXXXd=@)***** |       (b)0 \ RenewingtheMotionAfterTrial;Alternative  t MotionforaNewTrial. Ifthecourtdoesnotgranta  motionforjudgmentasamatteroflawmadeunderRule 0 50(a),thecourtisconsideredtohavesubmittedthe ( actiontothejurysubjecttothecourtslaterdecidingthe P  legalquestionsraisedbythemotion.Nolaterthan 10  !H 28daysaftertheentryofjudgment"orifthemotion p# addressesajuryissuenotdecidedbyaverdict,nolater %h! than 10 28daysafterthejurywasdischarged"the &# movantmayfilearenewedmotionforjudgmentasa  (% W ` `    matteroflawandmayincludeanalternativeorjoint   requestforanewtrialunderRule59.Inrulingonthe (  renewedmotion,thecourtmay: \ x\ x @)***** H  (d)0 \ TimeforaLosingPartysNew-TrialMotion. Any @ motionforanewtrialunderRule59byapartyagainst l  whomjudgmentasamatteroflawisrenderedmustbe d  filednolaterthan 10 28daysaftertheentryofthe   judgment. \ x\ x @)*****  8` =`XXXdXXXd=@88# CommitteeNote  l   FormerRules50,52,and59adopted10-dayperiodsfortheir  respectivepost-judgmentmotions.Rule6(b)prohibitsanyexpansion \ ofthoseperiods.Experiencehasprovedthatinmanycasesitisnot $ possibletoprepareasatisfactorypost-judgmentmotionin10days, T evenundertheformerrulethatexcludedintermediateSaturdays,   Sundays,andlegalholidays.Thesetimeperiodsareparticularly |! sensitivebecauseAppellateRule4integratesthetimetoappealwith D" atimelymotionundertheserules.Ratherthanintroducetheprospect  #t ofuncertaintyinappealtimebyamendingRule6(b)topermit #< additionaltime,theformer10-dayperiodsareexpandedto28days. $  Rule6(b)continuestoprohibitexpansionofthe28-dayperiod. d%! AW) xdE` &A `   T  &\#  `   "   "?+ ` hp x ?XXXX [)' @   ChangesMadeafterPublicationandComment     The30dayperiodproposedintheAugust2007publication (  isshortenedto28days.  X #XXXXd#XXXX ` #XXXX؝#XXXX% X%%AXXXdXXXdA =XXXdXXXd=  Rule52.0  FindingsandConclusionsbytheCourt; x JudgmentonPartialFindings@xx  =XXXdXXXd=@)***** h       (b)0 \ AmendedorAdditionalFindings. Onapartys `  motionfilednolaterthan 10 28daysaftertheentryof   judgment,thecourtmayamenditsfindings"ormake   additionalfindings"andmayamendthejudgment  accordingly.Themotionmayaccompanyamotionfor < anewtrialunderRule59.4\ x\ x @)***** \ b"   "'  \  '=`XXXdXXXd=` @88# CommitteeNote       FormerRules50,52,and59adopted10-dayperiodsfortheir D" respectivepost-judgmentmotions.Rule6(b)prohibitsanyexpansion  #t ofthoseperiods.Experiencehasprovedthatinmanycasesitisnot #< possibletoprepareasatisfactorypost-judgmentmotionin10days, $  evenundertheformerrulethatexcludedintermediateSaturdays, d%! Sundays,andlegalholidays.Thesetimeperiodsareparticularly ,&" sensitivebecauseAppellateRule4integratesthetimetoappealwith &\# atimelymotionundertheserules.Ratherthanintroducetheprospect '$$  ofuncertaintyinappealtimebyamendingRule6(b)topermit (% additionaltime,theformer10-dayperiodsareexpandedto28days.   Rule6(b)continuestoprohibitexpansionofthe28-dayperiod. `   #XXXX#XXXXAW) xdE` A  X @   ChangesMadeafterPublicationandComment     The30dayperiodproposedintheAugust2007publicationis  shortenedto28days. O  #XXXX#XXXXAXXXdXXXdXA+   \ 1+ `  =XXXdXXXd=Rule53.  Masters ?  =XXXdXXXd=@) *****  7  WC X\ hH,4p|xh X W(f)0 \ ActionontheMastersOrder,Report,or _  Recommendations.W \ x\ x  @)*****   0 \ (2)0\ x\ xTimetoObjectorMovetoAdoptorModify. A w partymayfileobjectionsto"oramotiontoadopt   ormodify"themastersorder,report,or 3 recommendationsnolaterthan 20 21daysaftera  + copyisserved,unlessthecourtsetsadifferent S" time.#K xx @(***** s%" r` =`XXXdXXXd=@88# CommitteeNote  'k$    Thetimesetintheformerruleat20dayshasbeenrevisedto (& 21days.SeetheNotetoRule6. [)' Ї ` [  X\ hH,4p|xh X[AXXXdXXXdA  X =XXXdXXXd=Rule54. h Judgment;Costs    "  X"=XXXdXXXd=@)***** (       (d)0 \ Costs;AttorneysFees. \ x\ x 0 \ (1)0\ x\ xCostsOtherThanAttorneysFees. Unlessa H federalstatute,theserules,oracourtorder D providesotherwise,costs"otherthanattorneys l  fees"shouldbeallowedtotheprevailingparty. d  ButcostsagainsttheUnitedStates,itsofficers,and   itsagenciesmaybeimposedonlytotheextent   allowedbylaw.Theclerkmaytaxcostson 1    days 14daysnotice.Onmotionservedwithin < thenext 5 7days,thecourtmayreviewtheclerks 4 action.\xx @)***** T ` =`XXXdXXXd=&@88# CommitteeNote  D" "   "'` `   '   FormerRule54(d)(1)providedthattheclerkmaytaxcostson #< 1daysnotice.Thatperiodwasunrealisticallyshort.Thenew $  14-dayperiodprovidesabetteropportunitytoprepareandpresenta d%! response.Theformer5-dayperiodtoserveamotiontoreviewthe ,&" clerksactionisextendedto7daystoreflectthechangeintheRule &\# 6(a)methodforcomputingperiodsoflessthan11days. '$$  ` AXXXdXXXdA+ ` `  w+  X =XXXdXXXd= L)& ЇRule55. h Default;DefaultJudgment   "  X<"=XXXdXXXd=@( *****  (      (b)0 \ EnteringaDefaultJudgment. \ x\ x  @)***** H  0 \ (2)0\ x\ xBytheCourt. Inallothercases,thepartymust @ applytothecourtforadefaultjudgment.A l  defaultjudgmentmaybeenteredagainstaminor d  orincompetentpersononlyifrepresentedbya   generalguardian,conservator,orotherlike   fiduciarywhohasappeared.Ifthepartyagainst  whomadefaultjudgmentissoughthasappeared < personallyorbyarepresentative,thatpartyorits 4 representativemustbeservedwithwrittennotice \ oftheapplicationatleast 3 7daysbeforethe T hearing.Thecourtmayconducthearingsormake |! referrals"preservinganyfederalstatutoryrightto  #t ajurytrial"when,toenteroreffectuate $  judgment,itneedsto:,&"xx @)***** '$$ ` =`XXXdXXXd= L)& @88# CommitteeNote    "   "'  \  '   Thetimesetintheformerruleat3dayshasbeenrevisedto (  7days.SeetheNotetoRule6.  X  ` Y+   \ .+AXXXdXXXdgA #XXXXf# X =XXXdXXXd=Rule56.0 h SummaryJudgmentxhxhx "  X"=XXXdXXXd=(a)0 ByaClaimingParty. Apartyclaimingreliefmaymove,   withorwithoutsupportingaffidavits,forsummary 4  judgmentonallorpartoftheclaim. Themotionmaybe ,  filedatanytimeafter:T  x x  0 (1) 0 x x20dayshavepassedfromcommencementofthe L  action;orxxx  0 (2) 0 x xtheopposingpartyservesamotionforsummary p judgment. xx  (b)0 ByaDefendingParty. Apartyagainstwhomreliefis , soughtmaymove atanytime ,withorwithoutsupporting  ( affidavits,forsummaryjudgmentonallorpartofthe P" claim.#H x x  (c)0 Servingthe TimeforaMotion,Response,andReply; p%! Proceedings. Themotionmustbeservedatleast10 'h# daysbeforethedaysetforthehearing.Anopposing (% partymayserveopposingaffidavitsbeforethehearing   day. (  x x   (1)0  Thesetimesapplyunlessadifferenttimeissetby   localruleorthecourtordersotherwise:Lxx  0 0 x x(A)0hxx apartymaymoveforsummaryjudgmentat D anytimeuntil30daysafterthecloseofall p  discovery;h hxhx  0 0 x x(B) 0hxxapartyopposingthemotionmustfilea   responsewithin21daysafterthemotionis $  servedoraresponsivepleadingisdue,  whicheverislater;andDhxhx  0 0 x x(C) 0hxxthemovantmayfileareplywithin14days < aftertheresponseisserved.hhxhx 0 (2) 0 x xThejudgmentsoughtshouldberenderedifthe ` pleadings,thediscoveryanddisclosurematerialson ! file,andanyaffidavitsshowthatthereisnogenuine # issueastoanymaterialfactandthatthemovantis $  entitledtojudgmentasamatteroflaw.<&"xx @)***** '4$ ` =XXXdXXXd= \)& @88# CommitteeNote     ` X  Thetimingprovisionsforsummaryjudgmentareoutmoded. (  Theyareconsolidatedandsubstantiallyrevisedinnewsubdivision  X (c)(1).Thenewruleallowsapartytomoveforsummaryjudgment   atanytime,evenasearlyasthecommencementoftheaction.Ifthe  motionseemsprematurebothsubdivision(c)(1)andRule6(b)allow H thecourttoextendthetimetorespond.Theruledoesseta x presumptivedeadlineat30daysafterthecloseofalldiscovery. @  Thepresumptivetimingrulesaredefaultprovisionsthatmay h  bealteredbyanorderinthecaseorbylocalrule.Schedulingorders 0  arelikelytosupersedetheruleprovisionsinmostcases,deferring `  summaryjudgmentmotionsuntilastatedtimeorestablishing (  differentdeadlines.Schedulingorderstailoredtotheneedsofthe   specificcase,perhapsadjustedasitprogresses,arelikelytowork P  betterthandefaultrules.Aschedulingordermaybeadjustedtoadopt   thepartiesagreementontiming,ormayrequirethatdiscoveryand H  motionsoccurinstages"includingseparationofexpertwitness  discoveryfromotherdiscovery. p  Localrulesmayproveusefulwhenlocaldocketconditionsor h practicesareincompatiblewiththegeneralRule56timing 0 provisions.   Ifamotionforsummaryjudgmentisfiledbeforearesponsive   pleadingisduefromapartyaffectedbythemotion,thetimefor P respondingtothemotionis21daysaftertheresponsivepleadingis   due.XXXX  x! " ` X" X  `  #p   Rule59.NewTrial;AlteringorAmendingaJudgment   "  X"=XXXdXXXd=@) ***** (       (b)0 \ TimetoFileaMotionforaNewTrial. Amotionfor   anewtrialmustbefilednolaterthan 10 28daysafter L theentryofjudgment.D\ x\ x  (c)0 \ TimetoServeAffidavits. Whenamotionforanew l  trialisbasedonaffidavits,theymustbefiledwiththe h  motion.Theopposingpartyhas 10 14daysafterbeing   servedtofileopposingaffidavits ;butthatperiodmaybe    extendedforupto20days,eitherbythecourtforgood  causeorbythepartiesstipulation .Thecourtmay @ permitreplyaffidavits.8\ x\ x  (d)0 \ NewTrialontheCourtsInitiativeorforReasons ` NotintheMotion. Nolaterthan 10 28daysafterthe X entryofjudgment,thecourt,onitsown,mayordera ! newtrialforanyreasonthatwouldjustifygrantingone #| onapartysmotion.Aftergivingthepartiesnoticeand $   anopportunitytobeheard,thecourtmaygrantatimely 4&"  motionforanewtrialforareasonnotstatedin_the ',$ &"    motion.Ineitherevent,thecourtmustspecifythe m  reasonsinitsorder. \ x\ x  (e)0 \ MotiontoAlterorAmendaJudgment. Amotionto   alteroramendajudgmentmustbefilednolaterthan 10  ! 28daysaftertheentryofthejudgment.D\ x\ x g` =`XXXdXXXd=@88# CommitteeNote     "   "'` `   '   FormerRules50,52,and59adopted10-dayperiodsfortheir ,  respectivepost-judgmentmotions.Rule6(b)prohibitsanyexpansion a  ofthoseperiods.Experiencehasprovedthatinmanycasesitisnot )  possibletoprepareasatisfactorypost-judgmentmotionin10days,   evenundertheformerrulethatexcludedintermediateSaturdays, L  Sundays,andlegalholidays.Thesetimeperiodsareparticularly  sensitivebecauseAppellateRule4integratesthetimetoappealwith I atimelymotionundertheserules.Ratherthanintroducetheprospect  ofuncertaintyinappealtimebyamendingRule6(b)topermit l additionaltime,theformer10-dayperiodsareexpandedto28days. 4 Rule6(b)continuestoprohibitexpansionofthe28-dayperiod. i    FormerRule59(c)seta10-dayperiodafterbeingservedwith  amotionfornewtrialtofileopposingaffidavits.Italsoprovidedthat T theperiodcouldbeextendedforupto20daysforgoodcauseorby   stipulation.Theapparent20-daylimitonextendingthetimetofile Q! opposingaffidavitsseemedtoconflictwiththeRule6(b)authorityto " extendtimewithoutanyspecificlimit.Thistensionbetweenthetwo "t rulesmayhavebeeninadvertent.Itisresolvedbydeletingtheformer #< Rule59(c)limit.Rule6(b)governs.Theunderlying10-dayperiod q$  wasextendedto14daystoreflectthechangeintheRule6(a)method 9%! forcomputingperiodsoflessthan11days. &" #XXXXU#XXXXAW) xdE` 'A '$$ ` `  0)' _` ` @   ChangesMadeafterPublicationandComment  m    The30dayperiodproposedintheAugust2007publicationis   shortenedto28days.  X #XXXXؓ #XXXXAXXXdXXXdYA+ ` `  +  `  X ` " ` =XXXdXXXd=Rule62.StayofProceedingstoEnforceaJudgment   "  X#"     =XXXdXXXd=(a)0 \ AutomaticStay;ExceptionsforInjunctions, @ Receiverships,andPatentAccountings. Exceptas =  statedinthisrule,noexecutionmayissueona d  judgment,normayproceedingsbetakentoenforceit, a  until 10 14dayshavepassedafteritsentry.Butunless   thecourtordersotherwise,thefollowingarenotstayed  afterbeingentered,evenifanappealistaken:\ x\ x "   #"@(***** 4 ` =`XXXdXXXd=$ @88# CommitteeNote   '  \  '   Thetimesetintheformerruleat10dayshasbeenrevisedto   14days.SeetheNotetoRule6. Q! +   \ '+AXXXdXXXd&A `   X =XXXdXXXd=Rule65. h InjunctionsandRestrainingOrders #<  "  X("=XXXdXXXd=@(***** 9%!      (b) \ TemporaryRestrainingOrder. &\#  @)***** Y(%  0 \ (2)0\ x\ xContents;Expiration. Everytemporary m  restrainingorderissuedwithoutnoticemuststate   thedateandhouritwasissued;describetheinjury $ andstatewhyitisirreparable;statewhytheorder ! wasissuedwithoutnotice;andbepromptlyfiledin D theclerksofficeandenteredintherecord.The A  orderexpiresatthetimeafterentry"notto d  exceed 10 14days"thatthecourtsets,unless a  beforethattimethecourt,forgoodcause,extends   itforalikeperiodortheadversepartyconsentsto  alongerextension.Thereasonsforanextension  mustbeenteredintherecord.4xx @(***** 1 ` =`XXXdXXXd=)@88# CommitteeNote       Thetimesetintheformerruleat10dayshasbeenrevised " to14days.SeetheNotetoRule6. "t   AXXXdXXXde.A"   *" `   X =XXXdXXXd=Rule68. h OfferofJudgment 9%! "  X0"    =XXXdXXXd=(a)0 \ MakinganOffer;JudgmentonanAcceptedOffer.  &\#  Morethan10 Atleast14daysbeforethedatesetfor ](% trial begins ,apartydefendingagainstaclaimmayserve m  onanopposingpartyanoffertoallowjudgmenton   specifiedterms,withthecoststhenaccrued.If,within    10 14daysafterbeingserved,theopposingpartyserves  writtennoticeacceptingtheoffer,eitherpartymaythen @ filetheofferandnoticeofacceptance,plusproofof =  service.Theclerkmustthenenterjudgment.` \ x\ x @)*****#XXXXj"#Ԉ ]   (c)0 \ OfferAfterLiabilityisDetermined. Whenone   partysliabilitytoanotherhasbeendeterminedbutthe  extentofliabilityremainstobedeterminedbyfurther  proceedings,thepartyheldliablemaymakeanofferof 4 judgment.Itmustbeservedwithinareasonabletime" 1 butatleast 10 14days"beforethedatesetfora T hearingtodeterminetheextentofliability.Q!\ x\ x @)*****XXXXԈ "t ` =`XXXdXXXd=0@88# CommitteeNote  9%! "   0" ` ` X #XXXXؿ6# FormerRule68allowedserviceofanofferofjudgmentmore &\# than10daysbeforethetrialbegins,or"ifliabilityhasbeen '$$ determined"atleast10daysbeforeahearingtodeterminethe Y(% extentofliability.Itmaybedifficulttoknowinadvancewhentrial !)& willbeginorwhenahearingwillbeheld.Thetimeisnowmeasured m  fromthedatesetfortrialorhearing;resettingthedateestablishesa 5  newtimeforservingtheoffer.    Theformer10dayperiodsareextendedto14daystoreflect   thechangeintheRule6(a)methodforcomputingperiodslessthan U 11days.XXXX  #XXXX;#XXXX" ` ` X7"+` `   +  ***** x + ` `  ;+AXXXdXXXd7A; `  =XXXdXXXd=Rule71.1.CondemningRealorPersonalProperty =   =XXXdXXXd=@)***** `       (d) \ Process. ]   @)*****    0 \ (2)  ContentsoftheNotice.}\ x\ x 0 \ 0\ x\ x(A)0xx MainContents.Eachnoticemustnamethe   court,thetitleoftheaction,andthe 4 defendanttowhomitisdirected.Itmust 1 describethepropertysufficientlytoidentify T it,butneednotdescribeanypropertyother Q! thanthattobetakenfromthenamed "t defendant.Thenoticemustalsostate:q$ xx  0 \ 0\ x\ x0xx(i)  H thattheactionistocondemnproperty;&"xx 0 \ 0\ x\ x0xx (ii)  H theinteresttobetaken;'($xx 0 \ 0\ x\ x0xx (iii) 0Hxxtheauthorityforthetaking;))&HxHx 0 \ 0\ x\ x0xx (iv) 0Hxxtheusesforwhichthepropertyistobe m  taken; HxHx 0 \ 0\ x\ x0xx (v) 0Hxxthatthedefendantmayserveananswer $ ontheplaintiffsattorneywithin 20 21 % daysafterbeingservedwiththenotice;HHxHx 0 \ 0\ x\ x0xx (vi) 0Hxxthatthefailuretososerveananswer E  constitutesconsenttothetakingandto l  thecourtsauthoritytoproceedwiththe i  actionandfixthecompensation;and HxHx 0 \ 0\ x\ x0xx (vii) 0Hxxthatadefendantwhodoesnotservean  answermayfileanoticeofappearance.HxHx @)***** @  (e) \ AppearanceorAnswer. =  @(***** `  0 \ (2)0\ x\ xAnswer. Adefendantthathasanobjectionor ]! defensetothetakingmustserveananswerwithin "  20 21daysafterbeingservedwiththenotice.The $  answermust:&"xx @)***** '4$ "   ="` '  \  '=`XXXdXXXd== 1)& Ї@88# CommitteeNote m      Thetimessetintheformerruleat20dayshavebeenrevised   to21days.SeetheNotetoRule6.  X AXXXdXXXdTHA+   \ -H+ `   X =XXXdXXXd=Rule72.MagistrateJudges:PretrialOrder  "  XJ"    =XXXdXXXd=(a)0 NondispositiveMatters. Whenapretrialmatternot @ dispositiveofapartysclaimordefenseisreferredto A  amagistratejudgetohearanddecide,themagistrate d  judgemustpromptlyconducttherequiredproceedings a  and,whenappropriate,issueawrittenorderstatingthe   decision.Apartymayserveandfileobjectionstothe  orderwithin 10 14daysafterbeingservedwithacopy.  Apartymaynotassignaserroradefectintheordernot 4 timelyobjectedto.Thedistrictjudgeinthecasemust 1 considertimelyobjectionsandmodifyorsetasideany T partoftheorderthatisclearlyerroneousoriscontrary Q! tolaw."t x x  (b)0 DispositiveMotionsandPrisonerPetitions. q$  x x @)=***** &"  0 (2)0K x xObjections. Within 10 14daysafterbeingserved '$$ withacopyoftherecommendeddisposition,_a %)& partymayserveandfilespecificwritten m  objectionstotheproposedfindingsand   recommendations.Apartymayrespondto   anotherpartysobjectionswithin 10 14daysafter  beingservedwithacopy.Unlessthedistrict @ judgeordersotherwise,theobjectingpartymust =  promptlyarrangefortranscribingtherecord,or `  whateverportionsofitthepartiesagreetoorthe ]  magistratejudgeconsiderssufficient. KxKx @)=***** } "   J"J`  =XXXdXXXd=@88# CommitteeNote h    | Thetimessetintheformerruleat10dayshavebeenrevised e to14days.SeetheNotetoRule6. - #XXXX[;#XXXX  X   ***** P T"  XwT" `   Rule81.0  ApplicabilityoftheRulesinGeneral;Removed " Actions"pxx      =XXXdXXXd=@)***** m$   (c)0 \ RemovedActions.%"\ x\ x  @) ***** ' $  0 \ (2)0\ x\ xFurtherPleading. Afterremoval,_repleading_Ԁis m   unnecessaryunlessthecourtordersit.Adefendant   whodidnotanswerbeforeremovalmustansweror $ presentotherdefensesorobjectionsunderthese ! ruleswithinthelongestoftheseperiods:Dxx  0 \ 0\ x\ x(A) 0xx 20 21daysafterreceiving"throughservice A  orotherwise"acopyoftheinitialpleading h  statingtheclaimforrelief;e xx 0 \ 0\ x\ x (B) 0xx 20 21daysafterbeingservedwiththe   summonsforaninitialpleadingonfileatthe  timeofservice;orxx 0 \ 0\ x\ x (C) 0xx 5 7daysafterthenoticeofremovalisfiled.<xx   \ (3)0  DemandforaJuryTrial.=xx  @)***** `  0 \ 0\ x\ x(B) 0xxUnderRule38.Ifallnecessarypleadings ]! havebeenservedatthetimeofremoval,a " partyentitledtoajurytrialunderRule38 $  mustbegivenoneifthepartyservesa &" demandwithin 10 14daysafter:'4$xx 0 \ 0\ x\ x0xx (_i_) 0Hxxitfilesanoticeofremoval;or1)&HxHx _0 \ 0\ x\ x0xx (ii) 0Hxxitisservedwithanoticeofremoval m  filedbyanotherparty."   U" HxHx @)*****     @  $ ` U=XXXdXXXd= @88# CommitteeNote |  =XXXdXXXd= Thetimessetintheformerruleat5,10,and20dayshavebeen y   revisedto7,14,and21days,respectively.SeetheNotetoRule6.  A   ` `  `    WSUPPLEMENTALRULESFORADMIRALTYORMARITIME m  CLAIMSANDASSETFORFEITUREACTIONS 5  `  RuleB.0  InPersonamActions:Attachmentand  X Garnishment YY  WC X\ hH,4p|xh X W=XXXdXXXd=f@**)*****   (3)0 \ Answer.+\ Y\ Y 0 \ (a)0\ Y\ YByGarnishee. Thegarnisheeshallserveananswer,   togetherwithanswerstoanyinterrogatoriesserved %  withthecomplaint,within 20 21daysafterserviceof    processuponthegarnishee.Interrogatoriestothe   garnisheemaybeservedwiththecomplaintwithout   leaveofcourt.Ifthegarnisheerefusesorneglectsto ~ answeronoathastothedebts,credits,oreffectsof  thedefendantinthegarnisheeshands,orany t interrogatoriesconcerningsuchdebts,credits,and  effectsthatmaybepropoundedbytheplaintiff,the j  courtmayawardcompulsoryprocessagainstthe !x garnishee.Ifthegarnisheeadmitsanydebts,credits, `#  oreffects,theyshallbeheldinthegarnisheeshands $n" orpaidintotheregistryofthecourt,andshallbeheld V&$ ineithercasesubjecttothefurtherorderofthecourt.'d&YY @**)***** L)( W- `     fb=`XXXdXXXd=@& CommitteeNote m    \   Thetimesetintheformerruleat20dayshasbeen   revisedto21days.SeetheNotetoRule6.  X  \ [  X\ hH,4p|xh X)b[AXXXdXXXdPhA =XXXdXXXd= X RuleC.0 h InRemActions:SpecialProvisionshYhY "  XUj"=XXXdXXXd=@( *****  @ (4)0 Notice. Nonoticeotherthanexecutionofprocessis =  requiredwhenthepropertythatisthesubjectoftheaction d  hasbeenreleasedunderRuleE(5).Ifthepropertyisnot a  releasedwithin 10 14daysafterexecution,theplaintiffmust   promptly"orwithinthetimethatthecourtallows"give  publicnoticeoftheactionandarrestinanewspaper  designatedbycourtorderandhavinggeneralcirculationin 4 thedistrict,butpublicationmaybeterminatedifthe 1 propertyisreleasedbeforepublicationiscompleted.The T noticemustspecifythetimeunderRuleC(6)tofilea Q! statementofinterestinorrightagainsttheseizedproperty "t andtoanswer.Thisruledoesnotaffectthenotice q$  requirementsinanactiontoforecloseapreferredship &" mortgageunder46U.S.C.31301etseq.,asamended.'$$ Y Y @**)***** !)&  (6)0 ResponsivePleading;Interrogatories.m  Y Y 0 (a)0 Y YStatementofInterest;Answer. Inanactioninrem:  #  5       YY 0 0 Y Y(i)0hYY apersonwhoassertsarightofpossessionorany $ ownershipinterestinthepropertythatisthe % subjectoftheactionmustfileaverified H statementofrightorinterest:E hYhY 0 0 Y Y0hYY (A) 0 hYhYwithin 10 14daysaftertheexecutionof h  process,ori  Y Y 0 0 Y Y0hYY (B) 0 hYhYwithinthetimethatthecourtallows;  Y Y 0 0 Y Y (ii) 0hYYthestatementofrightorinterestmustdescribe   theinterestinthepropertythatsupportsthe ! personsdemandforitsrestitutionorrightto D defendtheaction;AhYhY 0 0 Y Y (iii) 0hYYanagent,bailee,orattorneymuststatethe d authoritytofileastatementofrightorintereston e!  behalfofanother;and"hYhY 0 0 Y Y (iv) 0hYYapersonwhoassertsarightofpossessionorany m   ownershipinterestmustserveananswerwithin    20 21daysafterfilingthestatementofinterestor $ right.!hYhY @**)***** D j =XXXdXXXd=` @$\ CommitteeNote       | Thetimessetintheformerruleat10or20dayshavebeen ,  revisedto14or21days.SeetheNotetoRule6. a   `   X WWRuleG.0 h ForfeitureActionsInRemL hYhY "  Xx"     =XXXdXXXd=@**)***** I  (4)0 \ Notice.l\ Y\ Y @**) ***** i  0 \ (b)0\ Y\ YNoticetoKnownPotentialClaimants.YY 0 \ 0\ Y\ Y(i)0YYDirectNoticeRequired. Thegovernmentmust   sendnoticeoftheactionandacopyofthe " complainttoanypersonwhoreasonablyappears #@ tobeapotentialclaimantonthefactsknownto =%! thegovernmentbeforetheendofthetimefor &`# filingaclaimunderRuleG(5)(a)(ii)(B).](%YY W0 ` `    0 \ 0\ Y\ Y(ii)  ContentoftheNotice. Thenoticemuststate:m YY  0 \ 0\ Y\ Y0YY(A) 0HYYthedatewhenthenoticeissent; HYHY 0 \ 0\ Y\ Y0YY (B) 0HYYadeadlineforfilingaclaim,atleast35 ( daysafterthenoticeissent;)HYHY 0 \ 0\ Y\ Y 0YY(C) 0HYYthatanansweroramotionunderRule12 L mustbefilednolaterthan 20 21daysafter M  filingtheclaim;andp HYHY 0 \ 0\ Y\ Y0YY (D) 0HYYthenameofthegovernmentattorneytobe m  servedwiththeclaimandanswer. HYHY @**)***** $  (5)0 \ ResponsivePleadings.!\ Y\ Y @( ***** D  0 \ (b)0\ Y\ YAnswer. Aclaimantmustserveandfileananswerto A thecomplaintoramotionunderRule12within 20 21 h daysafterfilingtheclaim.Aclaimantwaivesan e! objectiontoinremjurisdictionortovenueifthe " objectionisnotmadebymotionorstatedinthe $  answer.&"YY  (6)0 \ SpecialInterrogatories.'8$\ Y\ Y W1 ` `    0 \ (a)0\ Y\ YTimeandScope. Thegovernmentmayservespecial m   interrogatorieslimitedtotheclaimantsidentityand   relationshiptothedefendantpropertywithoutthe $ courtsleaveatanytimeaftertheclaimisfiledand ! beforediscoveryisclosed.Butiftheclaimantserves D amotiontodismisstheaction,thegovernmentmust A  servetheinterrogatorieswithin 20 21daysafterthe d  motionisserved.a YY  0 \ (b)0\ Y\ YAnswersorObjections. Answersorobjectionsto   theseinterrogatoriesmustbeservedwithin 20 21days  aftertheinterrogatoriesareserved.YY  0 \ (c)0\ Y\ YGovernmentsResponseDeferred. Thegovernment 8 neednotrespondtoaclaimantsmotiontodismiss 9 theactionunderRuleG(8)(b)until 20 21daysafter \ theclaimanthasansweredtheseinterrogatories.Y!YY @**)***** "| "   y"` '  \  '=`XXXdXXXd=@$\ CommitteeNote y$       Thetimessetintheformerruleat20dayshavebeenrevisedto  &" 21days.SeetheNotetoRule6. &d# S+   \ ,+AXXXdXXXdeAAW) xdE` `(A a(% `  #XXXXUT#=`XXXdXXXd= X  ('   Form3.Summons.  m  @  (Caption"SeeForm1.)   Tonamethedefendant:     Alawsuithasbeenfiledagainstyou.    Within 20 21daysafterserviceofthissummonsonyou(notcountingtheday @ youreceivedit),youmustserveontheplaintiffananswertotheattachedcomplaintor =  amotionunderRule12oftheFederalRulesofCivilProcedure. `    ***** ]  AW) xdEA   .  ***** f  Ў _  + OaForm4.SummonsonaThirdPartyComplaint.  m  @  (Caption"SeeForm1.)     Tonamethethirdpartydefendant:     Alawsuithasbeenfiledagainstdefendant_________,whoasthirdparty  plaintiffismakingthisclaimagainstyoutopaypartorallofwhat[he]mayowetothe @ plaintiff__________. =    Within 20 21daysafterserviceofthissummonsonyou(notcountingtheday `  youreceivedit),youmustserveontheplaintiffandonthedefendantananswertothe ]  attachedthirdpartycomplaintoramotionunderRule12oftheFederalRulesofCivil   Procedure. }   *****   ÒAW) xdEA 0   N Oa4 `      Form60.NoticeofCondemnation.  m  @  (Caption"SeeForm1.)   @"*****     4.Ifyouwanttoobjectorpresentanydefensetothetakingyoumustservean @ answerontheplaintiffsattorneywithin 20 21days[afterbeingservedwiththis =  notice][from(insertthedateofthelastpublicationofnotice)].Sendyouranswertothis `  address:_________________________. ]    ***** XXXX     #XXXX!#" X̋" ` ` ` __      XXXX  &P  hW@ B.AmendedRulesPublishedinAugust2007 m    | ProposedamendmentstoRule8(c),13(f),15(a),48(c),and   81(d)werepublishedforcommentinAugust2007.AllbutRule8(c)  X arerecommendedforadoptionaspublished,apartfromdeleting   referencesto possessionfromRule81(d)(2)anditsCommittee U Note.Rule8(c)willbeheldforfurtherstudyintheAdvisory  Committee.BankruptcyJudgeshaverepeatedlyadvisedthatdeleting x  dischargeinbankruptcyfromtheRule8(c)listofaffirmative @ defensesisbothappropriateandlongoverdue.TheDepartmentof u  Justicehasexpressedreservationsthatrequirefurtherattention. =   #XXXX/#  August2007PublishedProposalsToAmend `  Rules...13(f),15(a),48(c),81(d)  (  K  | ProposalstoamendRules...13(f),15(a),48(c),and81(d) %  werepublishedforcommentinAugust2007.Commentswere   receivedonallbutRule48(c).Theproposals,summariesof H  comments,andrecommendationsaresetoutseparatelyforeachrule. }   *****@@*   O `  ` `  Rule13.CounterclaimandCrossclaim 0 =XXXdXXXd=@)***** - 0 | (f)0 x x OmittedCounterclaim. Thecourtmaypermitapartyto P amendapleadingtoaddacounterclaimifitwasomitted Q! throughoversight,inadvertence,orexcusableneglector "t ifjusticesorequires. [Abrogated.]q$  x x   ***** &" ` =XXXdXXXd=  !)& &6    @88# CommitteeNote  m    | Rule13(f)isdeletedaslargelyredundantandpotentially   misleading.Anamendmenttoaddacounterclaimwillbegoverned  X byRule15.Rule15(a)(1)permitssomeamendmentstobemadeas   amatterofcourseorwiththeopposingpartyswrittenconsent. U Whenthecourtsleaveisrequired,thereasonsdescribedinRule  13(f)forpermittingamendmentofapleadingtoaddanomitted x counterclaimsounddifferentfromthegeneralamendmentstandard @ inRule15(a)(2),butseemtobeadministered"astheyshouldbe" u  accordingtothesamestandarddirectingthatleaveshouldbefreely =  givenwhenjusticesorequires.TheindependentexistenceofRule   13(f)has,however,createdsomeuncertaintyastotheavailabilityof `  relationbackoftheamendmentunderRule15(c).See6C.Wright, (  A.Miller&M.Kane,FederalPractice&Procedure:Civil2d, ]  1430(1990).DeletionofRule13(f)ensuresthatrelationbackis %  governedbytheteststhatapplytoallotherpleadingamendments.     ***** } h `  Rule15.AmendedandSupplementalPleadings #  6       h =XXXdXXXd=(a)0 AmendmentsBeforeTrial.e x x 0 (1)0 x xAmendingasaMatterofCourse. Apartymay  amenditspleadingonceasamatterofcourse   within:"xx 0 0 x x (A) 0hxxbeforebeingservedwitharesponsive #< pleading; 21daysafterservingit,or=%!hxhx =XXXdXXXd=0 0 x x (B) 0hxx within20daysafterservingthepleadingifa m  responsivepleadingisnotallowedandthe   actionisnotyetonthetrialcalendar ifthe $ pleadingisonetowhicharesponsivepleading ! isrequired,21daysafterserviceofa D responsivepleadingor21daysafterserviceof A  amotionunderRule12(b),(e),or(f), d  whicheverisearlier.a hxhx @) *****    ` =XXXdXXXd=@88# CommitteeNote I ,z,XX#XX,,zҬ#   | Rule15(a)(1)isamendedtomakethreechangesinthetime = allowedtomakeoneamendmentasamatterofcourse.    | FormerRule15(a)addressedamendmentofapleadingto ( whicharesponsivepleadingisrequiredbydistinguishingbetweenthe ] meansusedtochallengethepleading.Servingaresponsivepleading %  terminatedtherighttoamend.Servingamotionattackingthe   pleadingdidnotterminatetherighttoamend,becauseamotionisnot !H a pleadingasdefinedinRule7.Therighttoamendsurvived }" beyonddecisionofthemotionunlessthedecisionexpresslycutoff E# therighttoamend.  $  ,z,XX#XX,,zi#  | ThedistinctiondrawninformerRule15(a)ischangedintwo &# ways.First,therighttoamendonceasamatterofcourseterminates &\$ 21daysafterserviceofamotionunderRule12(b),(e),or(f).This '$% provisionwillforcethepleadertoconsidercarefullyandpromptlythe Y(& wisdomofamendingtomeettheargumentsinthemotion.A !)' h8 `    responsiveamendmentmayavoidtheneedtodecidethemotionor m  reducethenumberofissuestobedecided,andwillexpedite 5  determinationofissuesthatotherwisemightberaisedseriatim.It   alsoshouldadvanceotherpretrialproceedings.  X   | Second,therighttoamendonceasamatterofcourseisno U longerterminatedbyserviceofaresponsivepleading.The  responsivepleadingmaypointoutissuesthattheoriginalpleaderhad x notconsideredandpersuadethepleaderthatamendmentiswise.Just @ asamendmentwaspermittedbyformerRule15(a)inresponsetoa u  motion,sotheamendedrulepermitsoneamendmentasamatterof =  courseinresponsetoaresponsivepleading.Therightissubjectto   thesame21daylimitastherighttoamendinresponsetoamotion. `    | The21dayperiodstoamendonceasamatterofcourseafter ]  serviceofaresponsivepleadingorafterserviceofadesignated %  motionarenotcumulative.Ifaresponsivepleadingisservedafter   oneofthedesignatedmotionsisserved,forexample,thereisnonew H  21dayperiod. }   | Finally,amendedRule15(a)(1)extendsfrom20to21daysthe   periodtoamendapleadingtowhichnoresponsivepleadingis h allowedandomitstheprovisionthatcutsofftherightiftheactionis 0 onthetrialcalendar.Rule40nolongerreferstoatrialcalendar,and e manycourtshaveabandonedformaltrialcalendars.Itismore - effectivetorelyonschedulingordersorotherpretrialdirectionsto  establishtimelimitsforamendmentinthefewsituationsthat P otherwisemightallowoneamendmentasamatterofcourseatatime   thatwoulddisrupttrialpreparations.Leavetoamendstillcanbe M! soughtunderRule15(a)(2),oratandaftertrialunderRule15(b). #  7       "   | AbrogationofRule13(f)establishesRule15asthesolerule #8 governingamendmentofapleadingtoaddacounterclaim. m$    ***** %" W9 `     `  Rule48.NumberofJurors;Verdict;Polling m  ` j ` =XXXdXXXd=(a)0 NumberofJurors. Ajurymust initiallyhave begin   withatleast6andnomorethan12members,andeach $ jurormustparticipateintheverdictunlessexcusedunder ! Rule47(c).D x x  (b)0 Verdict. Unlessthepartiesstipulateotherwise,the A  verdictmustbeunanimousandmustbereturnedbya h  juryofatleast6members.e  x x  =XXXdXXXd=(c)0 Polling. Afteraverdictisreturnedbutbeforethejuryis   discharged,thecourtmustonapartysrequest,ormay  onitsown,pollthejurorsindividually.Ifthepoll  revealsalackofunanimityorlackofassentbythe < numberofjurorsthatthepartiesstipulatedto,thecourt 9 maydirectthejurytodeliberatefurtherormayordera \ newtrial.Y! x x ` =XXXdXXXd=@88# CommitteeNote  #D   | Jurypollingisaddedasnewsubdivision(c),whichisdrawn A%! fromCriminalRule31(d)withminorrevisionstoreflectCivilRules  &" Styleandthepartiesopportunitytostipulatetoa_nonunanimous_ &d# verdict. ',$   a(%  ))&  ` XXXX     Rule81.0  ApplicabilityoftheRulesinGeneral;Removed m  Actions 5 xx "=XXXdXXXd=@)*****  X  0 \ (d)0\ \ x\ xLawApplicable.U\ x\ x p \ (1)0   StateLawDefined. Whentheserulesreferto   statelaw,theterm lawincludesthestates !  statutesandthestatesjudicialdecisions.D xx  \ (2)0   DistrictofColumbia  StateDefined. Theterm |   stateincludes,whereappropriate,theDistrictof }  ColumbiaandanyUnitedStatescommonwealth ,    or_territory._Ԁ Whentheserulesprovideforstatelaw 0 toapply,intheDistrictCourtfortheDistrictof - Columbia:Pxx  \   (A) 0  thelawappliedintheDistrictgoverns;and  xx =XXXdXXXd= \ (3)0   FederalStatuteDefinedintheDistrictof 1# Columbia. (B) IntheUnitedStatesDistrictCourt $T  fortheDistrictofColumbia,theterm federal U& P; R   statuteincludesanyActofCongressthatapplies "  locallytotheDistrict. xx  _` =XXXdXXXd= @88# CommitteeNote     SeveralRulesincorporatelocalstatepractice.Rule81(d)now zX providesthat thetermstateincludes,whereappropriate,the B  DistrictofColumbia.Thedefinitionisexpandedtoincludeany   commonwealthorterritoryoftheUnitedStates.Asbefore,these   entitiesareincludedonly whereappropriate.Theyareincludedfor x  thereasonsthatcounselincorporationofstatepractice.Forexample, b@  stateholidaysarerecognizedincomputingtimeunderRule6(a). *  Other,quitedifferent,examplesareRules64(a),invokingstatelaw   forprejudgmentremedies,and69(a)(1),relyingonstatelawforthe   procedureonexecution.Includingcommonwealthsandterritoriesin `  theseandotherrulesavoidsthegapsthatotherwisewouldresult J(  whenthefederalrulereliesonlocalpracticeratherthanprovidea   uniformfederalapproach.Includingthemalsoestablishesuniformity  betweenfederalcourtsandlocalcourtsinareasthatmayinvolve  stronglocalinterests,littleneedforuniformityamongfederalcourts, jH ordifficultyindefiningauniformfederalpracticethatintegrates 2 effectivelywithlocalpractice.    Adherencetoalocalpracticemayberefusedasnot h  appropriatewhenthelocalpracticewouldimpairasignificant R0 federalinterest.     #XXXX# XXXXAW) xdE` q"A r"P  #XXXXK#XXXX@  ChangesMadeafterPublicationandComment  I#'   Thereferencetoa possessionwasdeletedindeferencetothe $! concernsexpressedbytheDepartmentofJustice. %" _ i&G#   P@ C.NewRule62.1PublishedinAugust2007 "    The indicativerulingsprovisionsofnewCivilRule62.1and   newAppellateRule12.1wereworkedoutoveraperiodofseveral z X years,culminatinginparallelproposalspublishedforcommentin B  August2007.ItisrecommendedthatRule62.1beapprovedfor   adoptionwithmodestwordingchanges.  Ruletext:Rule62.1isrecommendedforadoptionaspublishedwith b@ onechange.Anaccidentalslipintransmissionresultedinpublication *  withoutachangeinsubdivision(c)thatwassubmittedtothe   StandingCommitteeandapprovedforpublication.Aspublished,   subdivision(c)referstoremand forfurtherproceedings.The `  versionapprovedforpublicationreferstoremand forthatpurpose. J(  Thisversionisbetterforatleasttworeasons.Ittracksthelanguage   ofsubdivision(a)(3).Anditclearlylimits(c)toaremandtoacton   themotionpendinginthedistrictcourt.Thepublishedreferenceto   aremandforfurtherproceedingscouldincluderemandafterthecourt jH  ofappealshasdecidednottoremandforproceedingsonthepending 2 motionandhasdecidedtheappealongroundsthatbothmootthe  motionandrequirefurtherproceedingsonotherissues.    ThisrecommendationiscompatiblewithproposedAppellate R0 Rule12.1(b),whichreferstoremand forfurtherproceedings.The  focusofRule12.1(b)anditsCommitteeNoteisonthescopeofthe  remand,aquestionthatconcernsthecourtofappealsinthefirst  instance. rP CommitteeNote:TheCommitteeNoteshouldberevisedtomore ! accuratelyreflectthelanguageofRule62.1(a)(3)andthedistinction ! betweenlimitedandfullremand.Ratherthanrefertoremandofthe "p  caseor action,theNoteshouldrefertoremand forthat Z#8 purpose.Asshownbelow,thethirdsentenceofthefirstparagraph "$  wouldread: Butitcanentertainthemotionanddenyit,defer $! consideration,orstatethatitwouldgrantthemotionifthe actionis %" remanded courtofappealsremandsforthatpurposeorstatethatthe z&X# motionraisesasubstantialissue.Thefirstsentenceofthefourth B' $  paragraphwouldread: Oftenitwillbewiseforthedistrictcourtto  (% P= RR   determinewhetheritinfactwouldgrantthemotionifthe caseis "  remanded courtofappealsremandsforthatpurpose.      OtherchangesaremadeintheCommitteeNotetoconformto z X theCommitteeNoteforproposedAppellateRule12.1.The B  lengthiestchangeistheadditionoftwonewsentencesinparentheses   attheendofthefirstparagraph.Thesenewsentencesaddressafine  pointaspectofAppellateRule4:filinganoticeofappealdoesnot x establisha pendingappealifatimelypostjudgmentmotion b@ suspendstheeffectofthenotice. *    NewRule62.1isrecommendedforadoption:    ` =XXXdXXXd= Rule62.1.0  IndicativeRulingonaMotionforRelief   ThatisBarredbyaPendingAppeal xx =XXXdXXXd=(a)0 \ ReliefPendingAppeal. Ifatimelymotionismadefor jH  reliefthatthecourtlacksauthoritytograntbecauseofan  appealthathasbeendocketedandispending,thecourt l may:\ x\ x  \ (1) 0  deferconsideringthemotion;xx 0 \ 0\ x\ x \ (2) 0xxdenythemotion;orB xx  0 \ (3) 0\ x\ xstateeitherthatitwouldgrantthemotionifthe ! courtofappealsremandsforthatpurposeorthat j#H themotionraisesasubstantialissue.$!xx  (b)0 \ NoticetotheCourtofAppeals. The_movant_Ԁmust &h# promptlynotifythecircuitclerkunderFederalRuleof (% > R   AppellateProcedure12.1ifthedistrictcourtstatesthat   _itwouldgrantthemotionorthatthemotionraisesa `  substantialissue. \ x\ x  =XXXdXXXd=(c)0 \ Remand. Thedistrictcourtmaydecidethemotionif  thecourtofappealsremandsforthatpurpose.D\ x\ x =XXXdXXXd=` @88# @@88#CommitteeNote  l    Thisnewruleadoptsforanymotionthatthedistrictcourt ,  cannotgrantbecauseofapendingappealthepracticethatmostcourts   followwhenapartymakesaRule60(b)motiontovacateajudgment   thatispendingonappeal.Afteranappealhasbeendocketedand T  whileitremainspending,thedistrictcourtcannotgrantaRule60(b) L  motionwithoutaremand.Butitcanentertainthemotionanddeny  it,deferconsideration,orstatethatitwouldgrantthemotionifthe  thecourtofappealsremandsforthatpurposeorstatethatthemotion t raisesasubstantialissue.Experiencedlawyersoftenrefertothe <l suggestionforremandasan indicativeruling.(AppellateRule 4 4(a)(4)listssixmotionsthat,iffiledwithintherelevanttimelimit,  suspendtheeffectofanoticeofappealfiledbeforeorafterthe  motionisfileduntilthelastsuchmotionisdisposedof.Thedistrict \ courthasauthoritytograntthemotionwithoutresortingtothe $T indicativerulingprocedure.)    Thisclearprocedureishelpfulwheneverreliefissoughtfrom |! anorderthatthecourtcannotreconsiderbecausetheorderisthe D"t subjectofapendingappeal.Rule62.1doesnotattempttodefinethe  #< circumstancesinwhichanappeallimitsordefeatsthedistrictcourts #  authoritytoactinthefaceofapendingappeal.Therulesthatgovern $! therelationshipbetweentrialcourtsandappellatecourtsmaybe d%" complex,dependinginpartonthenatureoftheorderandthesource ,&\# ofappealjurisdiction.Rule62.1appliesonlywhenthoserules &$$ deprivethedistrictcourtofauthoritytograntreliefwithoutappellate '%  permission.Ifthedistrictcourtconcludesthatithasauthorityto (& grantreliefwithoutappellatepermission,itcanactwithoutfalling   backontheindicativerulingprocedure.      Toensurepropercoordinationofproceedingsinthedistrict ( X courtandintheappellatecourt,themovantmustnotifythecircuit   clerkunderFederalRuleofAppellateProcedure12.1ifthedistrict  courtstatesthatitwouldgrantthemotionorthatthemotionraisesa  substantialissue.Remandisinthecourtofappealsdiscretionunder Hx AppellateRule12.1. @   Oftenitwillbewiseforthedistrictcourttodeterminewhether   itinfactwouldgrantthemotionifthecourtofappealsremandsfor h  thatpurpose.Butamotionmaypresentcomplexissuesthatrequire 0`  extensivelitigationandthatmayeitherbemootedorbepresentedin (  adifferentcontextbydecisionoftheissuesraisedonappeal.Insuch   circumstancesthedistrictcourtmayprefertostatethatthemotion   raisesasubstantialissue,andtostatethereasonswhyitprefersto P  decideonlyifthecourtofappealsagreesthatitwouldbeusefulto H  decidethemotionbeforedecisionofthependingappeal.Thedistrict  courtisnotboundtograntthemotionafterstatingthatthemotion  raisesasubstantialissue;furtherproceedingsonremandmayshow p thatthemotionoughtnotbegranted.=`XXdXXXd= 8h AW) xdE` A    T    L      8   @  ChangesMadeAfterPublicationandComment  g   Theruletextischangedbysubstituting forthatpurposefor '  furtherproceedings;thereasonisdiscussedabove.     MinorchangesaremadeintheCommitteeNotetomakeit O" conformtotheCommitteeNoteforproposedAppellateRule12.1. #G    *****WOa#XXXX#